Black-necked spitting cobra

The black-necked spitting cobra, scientifically known as Naja nigricollis, is a venomous snake species predominantly found in sub-Saharan Africa. These moderately sized snakes, typically measuring between 1.2 and 2.2 meters in length, exhibit a range of colors and markings. They primarily prey on small rodents and possess venom potent enough to cause skin irritation, blisters, inflammation, and even permanent blindness if it comes into contact with the eyes.

This species belongs to the genus Naja within the family Elapidae. It was first described in 1843 by Norwegian zoologist Johan Reinhardt. Initially, scientists believed there were two subspecies of the black-necked spitting cobra, but genetic studies in 2007 led to the reclassification of these subspecies into a separate species known as Naja nigricincta.

These cobras are highly adaptable, inhabiting savannas, semi-deserts, and tropical regions across Africa. They can thrive in various environments and at different altitudes. They are also adept climbers and can be active during the day or night, depending on local conditions and temperatures. Their diet mainly consists of small rodents, birds, and other snakes.

Naja nigricollis is oviparous, meaning that females lay eggs. A typical clutch contains 10 to 15 eggs. The incubation period lasts about 90-100 days, and the eggs hatch after approximately 60-70 days. Newborn cobras are about 20-25 centimeters in length and are immediately capable of fending for themselves.

The venom of the black-necked spitting cobra is a complex mix of cytotoxins, neurotoxins, and cardiotoxins. This potent cocktail can cause tissue damage, bleeding, and respiratory issues. Although the mortality rate from untreated bites is relatively low (5-10%), severe cases can result in death due to respiratory failure.

One of the most distinctive and dangerous behaviors of these cobras is their ability to spit venom, which poses a particular risk to the eyes, causing severe pain, vision loss, and even blindness. Interestingly, cobras in captivity tend to be more nervous and may spit venom more frequently than their wild counterparts.