Lucanus cervus

The European stag beetle, or *Lucanus cervus*, is a captivating insect commonly found in Western Europe. Unfortunately, it is currently classified as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List due to habitat loss and declining populations. This beetle belongs to the *Lucanus* genus in the Lucanidae family and comprises several subspecies.

One of the most striking features of male European stag beetles is their large mandibles, which resemble a stag's antlers. These mandibles are used in combats and courtship displays but are not harmful to humans. In contrast, females have much smaller mandibles but can deliver a painful bite. The size of these beetles can vary significantly depending on their geographic location.

These beetles are distributed throughout Europe, with the exception of Ireland. They thrive in habitats with a variety of trees such as oak, lime, beech, and willow. The beetles are most active in late spring and early summer, during which time females lay their eggs in decaying wood. The larvae then feed on this rotting wood, taking several years to develop into pupae.

In terms of behavior, European stag beetles are relatively passive when approached. However, they face numerous predators, including cats, foxes, crows, and kestrels. Additionally, they are threatened by parasites such as mites. Conservation efforts are ongoing to protect these beetles, and they are listed in various conservation agreements and directives.