Bronze mannikin

The bronze mannikin, also known as the bronze munia, is a tiny, sociable bird found throughout the Afrotropics. This charming bird thrives in regions south of the Sahara Desert, often flourishing in mesic savannas and the edges of forests. It is the smallest and most widespread of the four munia species on the African mainland. In addition to its native range, the bronze mannikin can also be found on the Comoro Islands and has been introduced to Puerto Rico. However, it's worth noting that this bird can become a nuisance in grain and rice fields and is sometimes captured for the pet trade.

In terms of appearance, the bronze mannikin is one of the smallest munia species, measuring just 9–10 cm in length and weighing between 7–12 grams. Its plumage is striking, featuring iridescent patches and a short black tail. Adult birds are predominantly black to brownish-black on the head, throat, and chest, with a beautiful green iridescence on the face and breast. Their diet mainly consists of seeds, but they will also consume termites, nectar, or algae. They have a variety of calls and a repetitive song, and they roost in communal nests that they rebuild daily.

Bronze mannikins can be found in a wide range of habitats, particularly near water. They inhabit savannas, forests, marshes, and even cultivated areas. Known for their relentless nest-building, these birds construct large, dome-shaped grass nests in trees, where they lay small white eggs. The chicks are ready to fledge after three weeks and become independent within another three weeks. Remarkably, these birds can raise up to four broods a year.

The bronze mannikin is native to mainland Africa and some islands, with two recognized races and some intermediate features around the upper Nile River. Interestingly, their phylogeny suggests they may have originated in India before dispersing to Africa and regions of the Pacific Ocean.