Indonesia Tree Toad

The bleeding toad, also known as the fire toad or Javan tree toad, is a fascinating amphibian native to Java, Indonesia. Scientifically named Leptophryne javanica, this toad belongs to the Bufonidae family. It was only in 2018 that scientists recognized it as a distinct species, having previously confused it with another.

Unfortunately, the bleeding toad is critically endangered, with its population numbers in steep decline. The exact reasons are not entirely clear, but one major suspect is chytridiomycosis, a deadly fungal disease affecting many amphibians.

These medium-sized toads exhibit dark red or purple bodies adorned with striking red to yellow marbling on their backs and legs. Males typically measure between 20–30 mm, while females are slightly larger, ranging from 25–40 mm. They possess unique features such as reduced Bidder's organs and partially fused pectoral epicoracoid cartilage. The name "bleeding toad" derives from their red markings and the skin secretions they produce when stressed.

Bleeding toads are found in western Java, particularly in Mount Gede Pangrango National Park and Mount Halimun Salak National Park. They thrive in the boundary areas between moist lowland regions and mountainous forests, typically at elevations of 1,200–2,000 meters above sea level. Their breeding grounds are slow-moving, vernal streams where their larvae develop.

Several threats endanger the bleeding toad. Habitat loss and degradation are significant issues, potentially exacerbated by events like the eruption of Mount Galunggung. While chytridiomycosis is suspected to play a crucial role in their decline, it is not yet confirmed in this species. Climate change poses another serious threat, as rising temperatures could shrink their suitable habitats. Isolated populations are also more vulnerable to catastrophic events like volcanic eruptions. Additionally, tourist activities can threaten some subpopulations of this critically endangered toad.