Amphilophus

Amphilophus is a fascinating genus of cichlid fish native to Central America, ranging from southern Mexico to Panama. Currently, there are 23 recognized species within this genus, many of which are highly prized among aquarium enthusiasts.

In recent years, research conducted by Oldrich Říčan in 2008 and 2016 suggested reclassifying certain species initially placed in Amphilophus. Říčan proposed that species such as A. alfari, A. altifrons, A. bussingi, A. diquis, A. longimanus, A. macracanthus, A. margaritifer, A. rhytisma, A. robertsoni, and A. rostratus should actually be categorized under the genus Astatheros. Subsequent studies refined this classification, indicating that A. macracanthus belongs in Astatheros, while the others (A. alfari, A. altifrons, A. bussingi, A. diquis, A. longimanus, A. rhytisma, A. robertsoni, and A. rostratus) should be classified under the genus Cribroheros. Říčan's findings also revealed that Astatheros species are more closely related to the Jack Dempsey and rainbow cichlid than to the remaining Amphilophus species.

A distinctive aspect of the Amphilophus genus is that several species are endemic to specific lakes in Nicaragua, such as Lake Apoyo (home to six species) and Lake Xiloá (home to four species). These fish are believed to have evolved through sympatric speciation.

According to FishBase, there are 16 recognized species in the Amphilophus genus. However, two species, "Cichlasoma" istlanum and "Cichlasoma" trimaculatum, which FishBase places in the genus Cichlasoma, also belong to Amphilophus. Additionally, Amphilophus erythraeus is considered a valid species (though FishBase lists it as a synonym of A. labiatus), while Amphilophus margaritifer is regarded as an invalid species.

Among the notable species in the Amphilophus genus are:

- Amphilophus amarillo

- Amphilophus astorquii (Black Midas Cichlid)

- Amphilophus chancho

- Amphilophus citrinellus (Midas Cichlid)

- Amphilophus labiatus (Red Devil)

- Amphilophus lyonsi

- Amphilophus sagittae

- Amphilophus zaliosus (Arrow Cichlid)

These species are notable not only for their evolutionary history but also for their striking appearances and behaviors, making them a favorite among aquarists.