Greek cuisine

History

Greek cuisine has a culinary tradition of some 4,000 years and is a part of the history and the culture of Greece. Its flavors change with the season and its geography. Greek cookery, historically a forerunner of Western cuisine, spread its culinary influence, via ancient Rome, throughout Europe and beyond. It has influences from the different people's cuisine the Greeks have interacted with over the centuries, as evidenced by several types of sweets and cooked foods.

Ancient Greek cuisine was characterized by its frugality and was founded on the "Mediterranean triad": wheat, olive oil, and wine, with meat being rarely eaten and fish being more common. This trend in Greek diet continued in Roman and Ottoman times and changed only fairly recently when technological progress has made meat more available. Wine and olive oil have always been a central part of it and the spread of grapes and olive trees in the Mediterranean and further afield is correlated with Greek colonization.

Byzantine cuisine was similar to ancient cuisine, with the addition of new ingredients, such as caviar, nutmeg and basil. Lemons, prominent in Greek cuisine and introduced in the second century, were used medicinally before being incorporated into the diet. Fish continued to be an integral part of the diet for coastal dwellers. Culinary advice was influenced by the theory of humors, first put forth by the ancient Greek doctor Claudius Aelius Galenus. Byzantine cuisine benefited from Constantinople's position as a global hub of the spice trade.

Overview

The most characteristic and ancient element of Greek cuisine is olive oil, which is used in most dishes. It is produced from the olive trees prominent throughout the region, and adds to the distinctive taste of Greek food. The olives themselves are also widely eaten. The basic grain in Greece is wheat, though barley is also grown. Important vegetables include tomato, aubergine (eggplant), potato, green beans, okra, green peppers, and onions. Honey in Greece is mainly honey from the nectar of fruit trees and citrus trees: lemon, orange, bigarade (bitter orange) trees, thyme honey, and pine honey. Mastic (aromatic, ivory-coloured resin) is grown on the Aegean island of Chios.

Greek cuisine uses some flavorings more often than other Mediterranean cuisines do, namely oregano, mint, garlic, onion, dill and bay laurel leaves. Other common herbs and spices include basil, thyme and fennel seed. Parsley is also used as a garnish on some dishes. Many Greek recipes, especially in the northern parts of the country, use "sweet" spices in combination with meat, for example cinnamon, allspice and cloves in stews.

The climate and terrain has tended to favour the breeding of goats and sheep over cattle, and thus beef dishes are uncommon. Fish dishes are common in coastal regions and on the islands. A great variety of cheese types are used in Greek cuisine, including Feta, Kasseri, Kefalotyri, Graviera, Anthotyros, Manouri, Metsovone, Ladotyri (cheese with olive oil), Kalathaki (a specialty from the island of Limnos), Katiki Domokou (creamy cheese, suitable for spreads), Mizithra and many more.

Too much refinement is generally considered to be against the hearty spirit of the Greek cuisine, though recent trends among Greek culinary circles tend to favour a somewhat more refined approach.

Dining out is common in Greece, and has been for quite some time. The taverna and estiatorio are widespread, serving home cooking at affordable prices to both locals and tourists. Recently, fast food has become more widespread, with local chains such as Goody's springing up, though most McDonald's have closed. Locals still largely eat Greek cuisine. In addition, some traditional Greek foods, especially souvlaki, gyros, pita such as tyropita and spanakopita (respectively, cheese and spinach pie) are often served in fast food style.

Origins

Greece has an ancient culinary tradition dating back several millennia, and over the centuries Greek cuisine has evolved and absorbed numerous influences and influenced many cuisines itself.

Some dishes can be traced back to ancient Greece: lentil soup, fasolada (though the modern version is made with white beans and tomatoes, both New World plants), tiganites, retsina (white or rosé wine flavored with pine resin) and pasteli (candy bar with sesame seeds baked with honey); some to the Hellenistic and Roman periods: loukaniko (dried pork sausage); and Byzantium: feta cheese, avgotaraho (cured fish roe), moustalevria and paximadi (traditional hard bread baked from wheat, barley and rye). There are also many ancient and Byzantine dishes which are no longer consumed: porridge (chilós in Greek) as the main staple, fish sauce, and salt water mixed into wine.

Many dishes show Italian influence, due to Venetian and Genoses rule of many parts of Greece from the 13th to the 18th century. Such dishes include pastitsio, pastitsada, stifado, salami, macaronia, mandolato and more.

Many Greek dishes are inherited from Ottoman cuisine, which combined influences from Persian, Levantine, Turkish, and Byzantine cuisine: tzatziki, yuvarlakia, kofta, boureki, baklava and more.

In the 20th century, French cuisine had a major influence on Greek cooking, largely due to the French-trained chef Nikolaos Tselementes, who, for example, created the modern Greek moussaka by combining the pre-existing eggplant dish with a French-style gratin topping.

Regions

Distinct from the mainstream regional cuisines are:

• Cuisine of the Aegean islands (including Kykladítiki from Kyklades, Rhodítiki from Rhodes and other Dodecanese islands, and the cuisine of Lesbos island)
• Cuisine of Argolis, cuisine of Patras, Arcadian and Maniot cuisines, parts of the Peloponnesean cuisine
• Cuisine of the Ionian islands (Heptanisiakí), a lot of Italian influence
• Epirotikí (Epirotic cuisine)
• Kritikí (Cretan cuisine)
• Kypriakí (Cypriot cuisine)
• Makedonikí (Macedonian cuisine)
• Mikrasiatikí, from the Greeks of Asia Minor descent, including Polítiki, from the tradition of the Greeks from Constantinople, a cuisine with a lot of Anatolian/Ottoman influence
• Pontiakí, found anywhere there are Pontic Greeks (Greeks from the Black Sea region)

Typical dishes

Greek cuisine is very diverse and although there are many common characteristics amongst the culinary traditions of different regions within the country, there are also many differences, making it difficult to present a full list of representative dishes. For example, the vegetarian dish "Chaniotiko Boureki" (oven baked slices of potatoes with zucchini, myzithra cheese and mint) is a typical dish in western Crete, in the region of Chania. A family in Chania may consume this dish 1–2 times per week in the summer season. However, it is not cooked in any other region of Greece. Many food items are wrapped in Filo pastry, either in bite-size triangles or in large sheets: kotopita (chicken pie), spanakotyropita (spinach and cheese pie), chortopita (greens pie), kreatopita (meat pie, using minced meat), kolokythopita (zucchini pie) etc. The Greeks do with filo what the Italians do with pizza; They have countless variations of pitas (savory pies). Even the word pita was originally spelled πίττα (pitta), which shows a similarity to pizza. The areas with the largest tradition of making Greek pitas are the North-Western (Epirus) and Central Greece (also called Roumeli). Also, a big part of the Greek Cuisine are seeds and nuts. Seeds and nuts are included in everything from pastry to main dishes.

The list will present some of the most representative Greek dishes that can be found throughout the country and the most famous of the local ones:

Breads

• Daktyla
• Eliopsomo, bread with olives
• Paximadi, Cretan bread
• Karydopsomo, bread with walnuts
• Lagana
• Pita
• Stafidopsomo, bread with raisin
• Zea (bread)

Appetizers and salads

Meze or orektikó (appetizer; plural mezedes/orektika) is served in restaurants called mezedopoleía, served to complement drinks, and in similar establishments known as tsipourádika or ouzerí (a type of café that serves drinks such as ouzo or tsipouro). A tavérna (tavern) or estiatório (restaurant) also offers a meze as an orektikó (appetiser). Many restaurants offer their house pikilía (variety) a platter with various mezedes that can be served immediately to customers looking for a quick or light meal. Hosts commonly serve mezedes to their guests at informal or impromptu get-togethers as they are easy to prepare on short notice. Krasomezédhes (literally "wine-meze") are mezedes that go well with wine; ouzomezédhes are mezedes that go with ouzo.

• Apáki, Cretan specialty; lean pork marinated in vinegar, then smoked with aromatic herbs and shrubs, and packed in salt.
• Antzougies, salty anchovies
• Avgotaracho, famously made in Messolonghi
• Bakaliáros (Bacalhau fish), often served with skordalia dip
• Dakos, a Cretan salad consisting of a slice of soaked dried bread or barley rusk (paximadi) topped with chopped tomatoes and crumbled feta or mizithra cheese.
• Dolmadakia (dolma): grapevine leaves stuffed with rice and vegetables; meat is also often included.
• Fava: purée of yellow split peas or beans; sometimes made of fava beans (called κουκιά in Greek). In Santorini is made from yellow lentils.
• Garides Saganaki: shrimp in spicy tomato sauce with feta cheese.
• Gavros: European anchovy.
• Greek salad: the so-called Greek salad is known in Greece as village/country salad (choriatiki) and is essentially a tomato salad with cucumber, red onion, feta cheese, and black kalamata olives or green olives, dressed with olive oil. In Cyprus it contains also cracked wheat (bulgur), spring onions instead of red onions, and lemon juice.
• Horta: wild or cultivated greens (usually Dandelion Greens), steamed or blanched and made into salad, simply dressed with lemon juice and olive oil. They can be eaten as a light meal with potatoes (especially during Lent, in lieu of fish or meat).
• Kalamarakia: deep-fried squid sliced in rings. Also known as "calamari"
• Kalamata olives
• Kalitsounia, appetizer from Crete
• Kaparosalata (salad with caper)
• Katsouni, cucumber from Santorini
• Kolokythakia: fried zucchini.
• Kolokythoanthoi or Kolokythokorfades: zucchini flowers stuffed with rice or cheese and herbs.
• Koukiá (Vicia fabas)
• Kroketes: croquettes.
• Lachanosalata: cabbage salad. Very finely shredded cabbage with salt, olive oil, lemon juice/vinegar dressing. Often combined with finely shredded carrot.
• Lakerda, a pickled bonito dish (usually to accompany soups)
• Loutza, similar to Cypriot lountza, found mainly in Cyclades
• Marides tiganites: deep-fried whitebait, usually served with lemon wedges.
• Melitzanes, eggplants. Fried or grilled. Notable is the white eggplant from Santorini.
• Melitzanosalata: eggplant (aubergine) based dip.
• Pantzarosalata: beetroot salad with olive oil and vinegar.
• Patatosalata: potato salad with olive oil, finely sliced onions, mayonnaise, lemon juice or vinegar.
• Pitaroúdia, chickpeas from Rhodes
• Red peppers of Florina
• Salami
• Saganaki: fried yellow cheese, usually graviera cheese; the method can be applied to many other foods.
• Skordalia: thick garlic and potato purée, usually accompanies deep fried fish/cod (bakaliaros skordalia, i.e. fried battered cod with garlic dip, a very popular dish).
• Spanakopita: spinach, feta (sometimes in combination with ricotta), onions or scallions, egg and seasoning wrapped in phyllo pastry in a form of a pie.
• Syglino, pork, cold cut from Mani peninsula
• Taramosalata: fish roe mixed with boiled potatoes or moistened breadcrumbs, olive oil and lemon juice.
• Tirokafteri, white cheese spread.
• Tonosalata, chunky tuna and lettuce salad
• Tzatziki: strained yogurt with cucumber and garlic purée, used as a dip. Served with warm pita bread.)
• Tyropita: a white cheese (usually feta or mizithra) pie with phyllo pastry. When yellow cheese (usually kasseri) is used, it is called Kasseropita.

Also, several pitas found all over Greece, such as Kolokythopita, Hortopita, Mizithropita (Crete), Melintzanopita, Kimadopita, Kotopita, Kreatopita (meat pie), Galatopita, Marathopita, Malathropita (Chios), Manitaropita, Fanouropita, Sikopita, Tahinopita.

Soups

• Bourou-bourou, a vegetable and pasta soup from the island of Corfu
• Fakés, lentil soup, usually served with vinegar and olive oil.
• Fasolada, a white-bean soup defined in many cookery books as the traditional Greek dish, sometimes even called "the national food of the Greeks". It is made of beans, tomatoes, carrot and a generous amount of celery usually served with a variety of salty side dishes(like olives or anchovies).
• Yiouvarlosoupa, a meatball and rice soup with avgolemono
• Kakavia, soup made from any variety of small local fish with the bones removed before serving
• Kotosoupa Avgolemono, chicken and rice soup with egg lemon sauce added
• Kremmydosoupa, onion soup served with vinegar.
• Kintéata, dish made from boiled young nettles (nettle soup)
• Magiritsa, the traditional Easter soup made with lamb offal, lamb liver, lamb lung and sometimes mutton meat usually thickened with avgolemono.
• Patsas, a tripe soup.
• Psarosoupa 'fish soup' can be made with a variety of fish (usually kokkinopsaro) and several kinds of vegetables (carrots, parsley, celery, potatoes, onion), several varieties include the kakavia which is drizzled with olive oil.
• Regali, lamb soup from Mani
• Revythosoupa, Chickpea soup.
• Trahanas soup, made from a dried grain-dairy substance and chicken fat.

Vegetarian main dishes

Very popular during fasting periods, such as the Great Lent:

• Anginares alla Políta: artichokes in Constantinopolitan style with artichoke hearts, olive oil, potatoes, carrots, and dill.
• Arakas me anginares: oven-baked fresh peas with artichokes.
• Bamies: okra with tomato sauce (sometimes with potatoes or during non-fasting times with chicken/lamb).
• Briám: an oven-baked ratatouille of summer vegetables based on sliced potatoes and zucchini in olive oil. Usually includes eggplant, tomatoes, onions, and ample aromatic herbs and seasonings.
• Fasolakia: fresh green beans stewed with potatoes, zucchini and tomato sauce.
• Gemista, baked stuffed vegetables. Usually tomatoes, peppers, or other vegetables hollowed out and baked with a rice-and-herb filling or minced meat.
• Gigandes plaki: large lima beans baked with tomato sauce and various herbs. Often made spicy with various peppers.
• Horta (greens), already mentioned in the appetizers section, are quite often consumed as a light main meal, with boiled potatoes and bread.
• Lachanorizo, cabbage with rice.
• Prasorizo, leeks with rice.
• Spanakorizo, spinach and rice stew cooked in lemon and olive-oil sauce.
• Tomatokeftedes: tomato fritters with mint, fried in olive oil and typically served with fava (split-pea purée). Mainly a Cycladic island dish.
• Tsigareli, from Corfu
• Tsigaridia, greens from Cephalonia

Meat and seafood dishes

• Astakomacaronada: spaghetti with lobster.
• Atherina: fried smelts.
• Barbounia: red mullets.
• Bifteki: Ground beef burgers either baked, fried or grilled.
• Britzola
• Bourdeto: from Corfu; fish cooked in tomato sauce with onion, garlic and red spicy pepper.
• Chtapódi sti schara: grilled octopus in vinegar, oil and oregano. Accompanied often with ouzo.
• Garides (shrimps)
• Grivadi, dish or soup
• Giouvetsi: lamb or veal baked in a clay pot with kritharaki/manestra (orzo) and tomatoes.
• Glossa: Sole (typically of the genus Solea)
• Gyros: meat (usually lamb, pork, beef, or a combination thereof) roasted on a vertically turning spit and served with sauce (often tzatziki) and garnishes (tomato, onions) on pita bread, or served as a sandwich wrapped in pita bread together with tomatoes, onions, tzatziki, and french fries; a popular fast food.
• Kalamari: squid, most often fried.
• Kleftiko: literally meaning "in the style of the Klephts", this is lamb slow-baked on the bone, first marinated in garlic and lemon juice, originally cooked in a pit oven. It is said that the klephts, bandits of the countryside who did not have flocks of their own, would steal lambs or goats and cook the meat in a sealed pit to avoid the smoke being seen.
• Kontosouvli
• Keftedakia, fried meatballs.
• Kokkinisto, stew.
• Kokoretsi, lamb or goat intestines wrapped around seasoned offal, including sweetbreads, hearts, lungs, or kidneys, and spit-roasted.
• Loukaniko, sausage types
• Makaronia me kima, spaghetti noodles topped with saltsa kima
• Moussaka (from Arabic مسقعة musaqqa'): an oven-baked layer dish: ground meat and eggplant casserole, topped with a savory custard which is then browned in the oven. There are other variations besides eggplant, such as zucchini or rice, but the eggplant version, melitzánes moussaká is by far the most popular. The papoutsákia ("little shoes") variant is essentially the same dish, with the meat and custard layered inside hollowed, sauteéd eggplants.
• Mydia Saganaki or with Saffron: dish with mussels.
• Oven-baked lamb with potatoes (Αρνί στο φούρνο με πατάτες, Arní sto foúrno me patátes). One of the most common "Sunday" dishes. There are many variations with additional ingredients.
• Oven-baked chicken with potatoes (Κοτόπουλο στο φούρνο με πατάτες ''Kotópoulo sto foúrno me patátes). Another common "Sunday" dish.
• Paidákia: grilled lamb chops with lemon, oregano, salt and pepper.
• Pastitsada: a casserole dish with spicy veal, beef or poultry and macaroni.
• Pastitsio: an oven-baked layer dish: Béchamel sauce on top, then pasta in the middle and ground meat cooked with tomato sauce at the bottom.
• Pork with celery (hirino me selino/hirino selinato).
• Savridia: mackerels oven-baked or fried.
• Sardeles (sardines)
• Sheftalia: a sausage without skin.
• Sofrito, dish from Corfu
• Soupiés: cuttlefish (often in wine, krasates)
• Soutzoukakia Smyrneika (Smyrna meatballs): long shaped meatballs with cumin, cinnamon and garlic and boiled in tomato sauce with whole olives. Often served with rice or mashed potatoes.
• Souvlaki: (lit: "skewer") grilled small pieces of meat (usually pork but also chicken or lamb) served on the skewer for eating out of hand, or served as a sandwich wrapped in pita bread together with tomatoes, onions, tzatziki and tomato sauce; a popular fast food, also called kalamaki (small reed) mainly in Athens.
• Spetzofai: a stew of country sausage, green mild peppers, onions and wine. Originates from Pelion.
• Stifádo: rabbit or hare stew with pearl onions, vinegar, red wine and cinnamon. Beef can be substituted.
• Tiganiá, fried pork
• Xiphias: swordfish.

Quick meals/Pasta

Quick or pasta foods (in Greek: Zimariká).

• Hilopites pasta (often with chicken): savory chicken is mixed with "Hilopites" or cut up tile-shaped pasta in a spiced tomato sauce.
  • Flomária, a type of hilopites from Lemnos
• Gogges (Goglies), a type of pasta from Peloponnisos
• Mátsi (or Koulouría), hand made pasta from Rhodes
• Macaronada/Macaronia: macaroni, various types (often with saltsa kima). In some islands are called makarounes
• Manestra (or Kritharaki), in Cyclades is called also "Tsounistí"
• Petoura, pasta from Macedonia.
• Skioufichta, hand made pasta from Crete
• Omeletta
• Strapatsada: eggs scrambled in olive oil and fresh tomato purée, seasoned with salt, pepper and oregano. Often includes feta cheese.
  • Koskosela, local strapatsada of the Cyclades
• Sfougato, a type of omelette, found in many places in Greece (Lesbos, Crete etc)
• Valanes, type of pasta found in Lemnos and Chios
• Varénika, type of ravioli

Desserts and sweets

• Amygdalopita: pie with almonds
• Amygdalotá (also known as ergolávi) exist in many varieties throughout Greece and Cyprus, and are especially popular in the islands. They consist of powdered blanched almonds, confectioner's sugar and rose water, molded in various shapes and sizes. They are snow-white and are considered wedding and baptismal desserts.
• Copenhagen (dessert), named in honour of George I of Greece
• Baklava, phyllo pastry layers filled with nuts and drenched in honey.
• Cornets/Kornedes, type of cream horns.
• Diples, a Christmas and wedding delicacy, made of paper-thin, sheet-like dough which is cut in large squares and dipped in a swirling fashion in a pot of hot olive oil for a few seconds. As the dough fries, it stiffens into a helical tube; it is then removed immediately and sprinkled with honey and crushed walnuts.
• Finikia, cookie topped with chopped nuts.
• Galaktoboureko, custard baked between layers of phyllo, and then soaked with lemon-scented honey syrup. The name derives from the Greek gala (γάλα), meaning milk, and boureki (μπουρέκι), meaning filled, thus meaning "filled with milk".
• Halva
• Karydopita, a cake of crushed walnuts, soaked in syrup.
• Koulourakia, butter or olive-oil cookies.
• Kourabiedes, Christmas cookies made by kneading flour, butter and crushed roasted almonds, then generously dusted with powdered sugar.
• Lazarakia
• Laggites (or Lalaggites/Tiganites), type of pancakes
• Loukoumades, similar to small crusty donuts, loukoumades are essentially fried balls of dough drenched in honey and sprinkled with cinnamon, typically served with sesame seed.
• Loukoumi is a confection made from starch and sugar. Patrina loukoumia are famously produced in the city of Patras. A variation from Serres is called Akanés. Loukoúmia are flavored with various fruit flavors, with rose water considered the most prized.
• Mandola or Mandolato, from Corfu
• Melekouni, from Rhodes
• Melitinia cookies, from Santorini
• Melopita, honey pie
• Melomakarona, "honey macaroons", Christmas cookies soaked with a syrup of diluted honey (méli in Greek) and then sprinkled with crushed walnuts.
• Milopita, apple pie with cinnamon and powdered sugar.
• Moustalevria, a flour and grape must flan.
• Moustokouloura, cookies of flour kneaded with fresh grape juice (must) instead of water.
• Otía, Pontic Greek sweet
• Pasta flora (Πάστα Φλώρα), jam-filled tart with lattice
• Pasteli
• Platseda, traditional sweet pie (twisted-pie with nuts & honey) of Lesbos
• Retseli, sweet from Lesbos
• Rizogalo ("rice-milk") is rice pudding.
• Roxákia, syrupy vanilla-cocoa cookies
• Spoon sweets (γλυκά του κουταλιού) of various fruits, ripe or unripe, or green unripe nuts. Spoon sweets are essentially marmalade except that the fruit are boiled whole or in large chunks covered in the fruit's made syrup.
• Trigona, from Thessaloniki
• Tsoureki, a traditional Christmas and Easter sweet bread often flavored with "mahlep, mastic resin and orange zest
• Vasilopita, Saint Basil's cake or King's cake, traditional only for New Year's Day. Vasilopites are baked with a coin inside, and whoever gets the coin in their slice are considered blessed with good luck for the whole year.
• Yogurt with honey and walnuts.

Cheeses

There is a wide variety of cheeses made in various regions across Greece. The vast majority of them remain unknown outside the Greek borders due to the lack of knowledge and the highly localized distinctive features. Many artisanal, hand made cheeses, both common varieties and local specialties, are produced by small family farms throughout Greece and offer distinct flavors atypical of the mass-produced varieties found commercially in Greece and abroad. A good list of some of the varieties of cheese produced and consumed in Greece can be found here. These are some of the more popular throughout Greece:

Non-alcoholic beverages

There is a variety of non-alcoholic beverages that are drunk in Greece even to this day.

Portokalada (orangeade) and Lemonada (lemonade), since 1971, these beverages were served everywhere, in homes, cafes, tavernas and restaurants. They were made with fresh strained orange juice or lemon juice either mixed with carbonated water or flat mineral water and you added sugar to taste. There were also bottled local versions. In 1989 on the island of Rhodes there were two companies that made and bottled their own portokalada and lemonada using local oranges, lemons and water. These beverages are still standards today, as of 2014, the difference being that most of the small local companies sold their businesses to the big companies like Fanta etc. thus, greatly changing the quality.

Visinada (cherryade) is made from dark cherry syrup (which was originally homemade) mixed with cold water.

Coffee

The traditional coffeehouses in Greece are called kafenia, and they offer coffee, refreshments, alcoholic beverages and snacks or meze. In recent years, especially in the large urban centres, kafenia are gradually being replaced by modern "cafeterias". Preferred types of coffee are, among others, Turkish coffee, frappé (a foam-covered iced coffee drink), and iced cappuccino and espresso, named Freddo Cappuccino and Freddo Espresso, respectively. Iced coffee-based drinks, such as freddoccino or freddito, are also popular in the summer.

Greece has the eighth highest per capita coffee consumption worldwide.

Tea and herbal teas

• Chamomile: chamomile tea
• Mint tea: right out of the garden
• Faskomilo (sage tea): tea made from dried or fresh sage
• Tsai tou Vounou: tea from steeped mountain sage. To this day the Greeks still like to drink a tea made from steeping dried or fresh mountain sage
• Sideritis

Alcoholic beverages

Wine

The origins of wine-making in Greece go back 6,500 years and evidence suggesting wine production confirm that Greece is home to the oldest known grape wine remnants discovered in the world and the world's earliest evidence of crushed grapes. The spread of Greek civilization and their worship of Dionysus, the god of wine, spread Dionysian cults throughout the Mediterranean areas during the period of 1600 BC to the year 1 AD. Greece's viticultural history goes back to prehistoric times, and wine production was thriving until the 11th century. After World War II, Greek winemakers imported and cultivated foreign grape varieties, especially French ones, in order to support local production. In 1960s, retsina, a dry white wine with lumps of resin, was probably the most well-known Greek wine abroad. In recent years, local varieties are rediscovered and often blended with foreign ones. In early 1980s, a system of appellations, modelled on the respective French one, was implemented to assure consumers the origins of their wine purchases. Today, there are 28 appellations (Appellations of Origin of Superior Quality and Controlled Appellation of Origin) throughout the country, from Macedonia to Crete.

Beer

Archaeological and archaeochemical finds suggest that the Minoans fermented barley and other substances, and consumed some form of beer. The beer tradition of the Minoans was discontinued by the Mycenaeans; beverages from fermented cereals may have remained only in Crete during their rule. In Archaic and Classical Greece, beer is mentioned as a foreign beverage, while, when Alexander the Great conquered in 332 BC Egypt, a civilization with a long brewing tradition, the Greeks continued to disdain beer seeing it as the drink of their rivals. In Modern Greece, a limited number of brands—owned by breweries from northern Europe in most cases (e.g. Heineken or Amstel)—dominated for many years the local market, while a stringent Bavarian-influenced beer purity law was in force. Gradually, the provisions of this law loosened, and, since the late 1990s, new local brands emerged (in 1997 Mythos made a breakthrough) or re-emerged (e.g. Fix Hellas), reviving competition. In recent years, in parallel with the large breweries, local microbreweries operate throughout Greece.

Other

Other traditional Greek alcoholic beverages include the anise-flavored ouzo, tsipouro (whose Cretan variation is called tsikoudia), rakomelo and local liquors, such as kumquat from Corfu, mastika (not to be confused with the homonymous anise-flavored Bulgarian drink), kitron, a citrus flavoured liquor from Naxos, souma from Chios, and tentura, a cinnamon flavored liquor from Patras.

Metaxa is a well-known brand of brandy blended with wine and flavorings. Local dessert and fortified wines include muscats (with the Muscat of Samos being the most well-known), mavrodafni, produced from a black grape indigenous to the Achaea region in Northern Peloponnese, and Vin Santo (Visanto) of Santorini, a variation of the Italian Vin Santo.